Khaled Hosseini's Biography
Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. His father was a diplomat with the Afghan Foreign Ministry and his mother taught Farsi and History at a large high school in Kabul. Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. His father was a diplomat with the Afghan Foreign Ministry and his mother taught Farsi and History at a large high school in Kabul.
Source:
http://www.khaledhosseini.com/hosseini-bio.html
Theme 1
Strong female relationship
Women in Afghan have strong bonds despite the government’s oppressing laws and their husbands’ and men effort to reduce women’s power in the society. Laila and Mariam for example, they maintained a very strong relationship with one another although they share the same husband. This is because of the abusive behavior of their husband.
Theme 2
Sexism
Females are discriminated in Afghan because of the traditional and religious view on female. Other than that, the Taliban’s policy causes this distinct separation between male and female too. Male is deemed to have dominance over female in the novel. This is seen when Mariam is forced to married to Rasheed when her mother died. Rasheed on the other hand, made Mariam and Laila, his second wife wear a burqa when they go out to cover their faces as Rasheed said a married woman is only for her husband to see. Mariam and Laila had also been mistreated and abused by Rasheed but they were unable to do anything as he is their husband. Rasheed is bias towards his son and only treats his son, Zalmai with love.
Apparent gender inequality is seen in the novel. Females are not allowed to seek for education and the males have power and control over the females. Males in the novel mistreat and abuse females. The giving birth incident that Laila experienced for example, many pregnant and sick women were denied access by the government hospital as they said they only treat males. There is only one clinic which is lack of facilities who sees and takes care of women and thus, women have to fight to get to the doctor.
Protagonist
Loyal and hardworking
Bold and courageous
Courageous
Laila was brave enough to plan the runaway with Mariam and Aziza. She could not stand her husband's abusive character anymore and she planned to leave the house with Mariam and her daughter. But, they got caught eventually and were sent back to the house.
1) Nana said, "Learn this now and learn it well, my daughter: Like a compass needle that points north, a man's accusing finger always finds a woman. Always. You must remember that, Mariam." (7)
Nana, Mariam's mother, told her not to trust in man so much as they will somehow accuse woman and bring her down as Jalil, Mariam's father did not recognize her as his wife because of her status. This act as a foreshadow as the story expands. What Nana said is proved to be true further in the story.
2) To Jalil and his wives, I was a pokeroot. A mugwort.
Nana is not being treated fairly due to her status in society and because she is a female, she could not do anything but to leave Jalil.
3) "It's our lot in life, Mariam. Women like us. we endure. It's all we have. Do you understand? Besides. they'll laugh at you in school. They will. They will call you harami. They'll say the most terrible things of you. I won't have it." (8)
Nana did not allow Mariam to go to school due to her status, she is not the legal child of her father. Nana is afraid that Mariam will be discriminate.
4) "If it's a girl," Rasheed said, "if it isn't, but, if it is a girl, then you can choose whatever name you want." (93)
This shows there is gender inequality in the home level itself. Females are view as weak and low class due to the traditional stereotype.
5) Khala Rangmaal said that women and men were equal in every way and there was no reason women should cover if men didn't. (120)
There are a small portion of the society that cares and fight for females rights. Khala Rangmaal a female teacher teaching in school thinks that everyone should be treated equally.
6) I know you are still young, but I want you yo understand and learn this now, he said. Marriage can wait, education cannot. (123)
Laila's dad is a University graduate who thinks that female should also be educated. He thinks that it is important for his child to get educated and not marriage.
7) Women have always had it hard in this country, Laila, but they're probably more free now, under the communists, and have more rights than they've ever had before,Babi said, always lowering his voice, aware of how intolerant Mammy was of even remotely positive talk of the communists.But it's true, Babi said,it's a good time to be a woman in Afghanistan. And you can take advantage of that, Laila Of course, women's freedom - here, he shook his head ruefully-is also one of the reasons people out there took up
arms in the first place. (144)
Under the communist governance, women had more freedom as compared to the Taliban. Laila's dad told her to appreciate the time and have full advantage of the freedom to do what she want in life.
8) But Laila knew that her future was no match for her brothers' past. They had overshadowed her in life. They would obliterate her in death. Mammy was now the curator of their lives' museum and she, Laila, a mere visitor. A receptacle for their myths. The parchment on which Mammy meant to ink their legends. (151)
This shows that even women themselves think that male are more dominant than females. Laila's mom cares more about her dead brothers than her. After their death in the war, Laila's mom barely care or even talk to Laila. Laila was being ignored.
9) Mammy was soon asleep, leaving Laila with dueling emotions: reassured that Mammy meant to live on, stung that she was not the reason.She would never leave her mark on Mammy's heart the way her brothers had, because Mammy's heart was like a pallid beach where Laila's footprints would forever wash away beneath the waves of sorrow that swelled and crashed, swelled and crashed. (153)
Laila is hurt deep down that she would not leave footprints in her mom's heart. She is not looked upon, her mom cares more about her brothers which were now dead than her although she is her only daughter. This shows how gender inequality has played a role in influencing people's mindset.
10) We're leaving this spring, Aziza and I. Come with us, Mariam. (272)
Laila have the courage to leave home due to the unfair treatment of her husband Rasheed. Mariam agreed with her and left the house with Aziza. This has showed that women have the courage to do anything to live a better life due to the sufferings gender inequality has caused them.
11) "What a man does in his home is his business." (276)
Under the Taliban's law, women are not allowed to leave the house or travel alone without a male family member as a partner. This restricted women to only stay at home without their husbands or male family members accompanying. The restrain placed on women is very unfair. And, according to the statement above by an officer, it has showed that man are of power at home and the police officers do not care.
12) Laila didn't see the punch coming. One moment she was talking and the next she was on all fours, wide-eyed and red-faced, trying to draw a breath. (286)
Laila and Mariam was being brutally beaten and locked up in a separate dark room when they failed to runaway and was sent back by the Taliban's officers. This has shown man's violence over women where it is right according to the law. The law does not protects women and children being abused by man at home.
13) Attention women:
You will stay inside your homes at all times. It is not proper for women to wander aimlessly about the streets. If you go outside, you must be accompanied by amahram,a male relative. If you are caught alone on the street, you will be beaten and sent home.
You will not, under any circumstance, show your face. You will cover with burqa when outside. If you do not, you will be severely beaten.
Cosmetics are forbidden.
Jewelry is forbidden.
You will not wear charming clothes.
You will not speak unless spoken to.
You will not make eye contact with men.
You will not laugh in public. If you do, you will be beaten.
You will not paint your nails. If you do, you will lose a finger.
Girls are forbidden from attending school All schools for girls will be closed immediately.
Women are forbidden from working.
If you are found guilty of adultery, you will be stoned to death
Listen. Listen well. Obey.Allah-u-akbar. (297)
After the Taliban won the war, rules and regulations which are unfair to females are placed. Girls are forbidden their rights to education. Human rights are violated here. I felt sad for the women living under such rules.
14) "This hospital no longer treats women," the guard barked. (305)
This shows the unfair treatment towards women in the society. Women are only allowed to go to a small clinic who serves women.
15) Mariam would always admire Laila for how much time passed before she screamed (312)
Laila gave birth to her son Zalmai in an unfavorable environment. Although being mistreated by the society and her husband, Laila still gave in everything to make sure that she give birth to her child. This has shown the inner strength of women.
16) His patience with Zalmai was a well that ran deep and never dried. (316)
Rasheed's had much patience with his son as he believe in patriarchy. He did not pay attention to Aziza and did not has as much patience as he had for Zalmai towards his wives and Aziza.
17) Suddenly, it seemed to Laila that the collective hardships of their lives-hers, Aziza's, Mariam's-simply dropped away, vaporized like Zalmai's palms from the TV screen. It seemed worthwhile, if absurdly so, to have endured all they'd endured for this one crowning moment, for this act of defiance that would end the suffering of all indignities. (320)
Women hardships is discussed here. Laila was being brutally beaten by Rasheed and he almost killed her by choking her as Laila was brave to hit Rasheed in return. This has shown that women are bolder due to the gender inequalities.
18) One day, a young Talib beat Laila with a radio antenna. When he was done, he gave a final whack to the back of her neck and said, "I see you again, I'll beat you until your mother's milk leaks out of your bones." (343)
Laila want to visit Aziza who was sent to an orphanage as Rasheed cannot afford to pay for everyone's expenses. On the way to the orphanage, she was caught by a Talib who had brutally beaten her as she did not follow the rule that a man must be in company with her when a woman walk on the road.
19) And, with that, Mariam brought down the shovel This time, she gave it everything she had. (374)
Mariam brought in all her strength and courage to kill Rasheed as he was too cruel. He was beating them up that Mariam could not take it as he was strangling Laila. She managed to kill Rasheed with the shovel to end the cruelty. This has shown that as a result of intense patriarchy, women became bolder.
20) None of the women in Mariam's cell were serving time for violent crime - they were all there for the common offense of "running away from home." As a result, Mariam gained some notoriety among them, became a kind of celebrity.(388)
Mariam was being held in prison due to the crime she had done. Other women was awestruck by Mariam as they were all oppressed by the laws and the patriarchy system back in their home and society but they weren't brave enough to fight back as they are not educated and they are scared.
21) "I wonder," the young Talib said. "God has made us differently, you women and us men. Our brains are different. You are not able to think like we can. Western doctors and their science have proven this. This is why we require only one male witness but two female ones." (390)
Discrimination towards women is seen here. Men thinks that women are stupid and weak and do not believe in them. This shows the inequality that exists within the law and society itself.
22) "Kneel here,hamshira And look down." One last time, Mariam did as she was told. (397)
Mariam was being sentence to death. This has portray sacrifices that are to be done by women to protect their loved ones.
23) One could not count the moons that shimmer on her roofs,
Or the thousand splendid suns that hide behind her -walls. (418)
This is two lines of a poem by Saib-e-Tabrizi which is a reference to timeliness and mysteries, the author named the book a thousand splendid suns. I feel it is related to all the sufferings women have to go through. As 'her' is used instead of him. Babi, Laila's dad thinks that women have to experience through countless hardships before they are being treated equally.
24) "I'm sorry," Laila says, marveling at how every Afghan story is marked by death and loss and unimaginable grief. And yet, she sees, people find a way to survive, to go on. Laila thinks of her own life and all that has happened to her, and she is astonished that she too has survived, that she is alive and sitting in this taxi listening to this man's story. (422)
Laila has survived through the hard times through the civil war. A lot of people have been innocently killed due to this and she thinks that she is lucky to be the survivor of this bloody war.
Hosseini vividly describe what life is like for women in a society in which they are valued only for reproduction. Once she has suffered a series of miscarriages, Mariam's marriage becomes a prison: Mariam was afraid. She lived in fear of Rasheed's ever shifting moods, his impatience and violence. On occasion, he would resolve with punches, slaps, kicks, and sometimes try to make amends for with polluted apologies and sometimes not.
Next, after the Taliban won the war, tragedies that fall on Laila's family was seen, she is orphaned and left alone, she allows herself to become Rasheed's second wife. Laila's and Mariam's friendship eventually grows and they became like sisters through the hardships they faced together. Together going through the civil wars, they brought up Aziza and Zalmai, both Laila's children. Being unfairly treated by the society and family, Hosseini has brought up gender inequalities through the eyes of women in Afghanistan before, during and after the civil war.
Patriarchy has been in the system of the society years back, it is deemed that male have dominance over female and that female is weaker than male. The first critic of the patriarchy system started way back in late 18th century. Feminism is is both the belief that women should be treated equally to men as well as a political movement that works to gain rights and privileges for women. Feminism attempts to explain and eradicate the domination, oppression, and subordination of women in the society.
Although patriarchy system in the modernize era is less prominent, but there are still places in the world that patriarchy exists. Afghanistan for example is a country where there is a high degree of gender inequality as there are a high percentage of 80% of girls does not have the access to education. Due to the traditional stereotype that women are weak, gender discrimination happens throughout the novel.
Women rights are violated in the novel. I personally think that human rights are violated too as people are not allowed freedom. Everyone is tied to the unimaginable and inhumane rules under the governance of Taliban. Freedom of speech, movement and many more are restricted, women's freedom especially is very restricted. Women also does not have rights
Themes
Theme 1
Strong female relationship
Women in Afghan have strong bonds despite the government’s oppressing laws and their husbands’ and men effort to reduce women’s power in the society. Laila and Mariam for example, they maintained a very strong relationship with one another although they share the same husband. This is because of the abusive behavior of their husband.
Theme 2
Sexism
Females are discriminated in Afghan because of the traditional and religious view on female. Other than that, the Taliban’s policy causes this distinct separation between male and female too. Male is deemed to have dominance over female in the novel. This is seen when Mariam is forced to married to Rasheed when her mother died. Rasheed on the other hand, made Mariam and Laila, his second wife wear a burqa when they go out to cover their faces as Rasheed said a married woman is only for her husband to see. Mariam and Laila had also been mistreated and abused by Rasheed but they were unable to do anything as he is their husband. Rasheed is bias towards his son and only treats his son, Zalmai with love.
Lens
GenderApparent gender inequality is seen in the novel. Females are not allowed to seek for education and the males have power and control over the females. Males in the novel mistreat and abuse females. The giving birth incident that Laila experienced for example, many pregnant and sick women were denied access by the government hospital as they said they only treat males. There is only one clinic which is lack of facilities who sees and takes care of women and thus, women have to fight to get to the doctor.
Characters
Protagonist
Mariam
Innocent
In the beginning, she is seen as a young innocent child that believes her father and craves for her father’s love and attention.
Loyal and hardworking
Later, as the plot develops, she is seen as a loyal and hardworking wife. Although she is forced to married Rasheed and he beats her, she did not run away from home, instead she continue cooking food and doing the house chores for him.
Bold and courageous
When the story reaches the climax, Mariam is seen as bold because she finally has the courage to make her own decision to hit Rasheed as he was strangling Laila. The inner strength which has been hidden within her all the while is released through this one hit which causes Rasheed’s fatal death.
Laila
Smart
She represents the educated female in the novel. Her father sent her to school for education when she was young. She is shown as smart when she was in class by being able to answer questions asked by her teacher.
Courageous
Laila was brave enough to plan the runaway with Mariam and Aziza. She could not stand her husband's abusive character anymore and she planned to leave the house with Mariam and her daughter. But, they got caught eventually and were sent back to the house.
Quotes
1) Nana said, "Learn this now and learn it well, my daughter: Like a compass needle that points north, a man's accusing finger always finds a woman. Always. You must remember that, Mariam." (7)
Nana, Mariam's mother, told her not to trust in man so much as they will somehow accuse woman and bring her down as Jalil, Mariam's father did not recognize her as his wife because of her status. This act as a foreshadow as the story expands. What Nana said is proved to be true further in the story.
2) To Jalil and his wives, I was a pokeroot. A mugwort.
Nana is not being treated fairly due to her status in society and because she is a female, she could not do anything but to leave Jalil.
3) "It's our lot in life, Mariam. Women like us. we endure. It's all we have. Do you understand? Besides. they'll laugh at you in school. They will. They will call you harami. They'll say the most terrible things of you. I won't have it." (8)
Nana did not allow Mariam to go to school due to her status, she is not the legal child of her father. Nana is afraid that Mariam will be discriminate.
4) "If it's a girl," Rasheed said, "if it isn't, but, if it is a girl, then you can choose whatever name you want." (93)
This shows there is gender inequality in the home level itself. Females are view as weak and low class due to the traditional stereotype.
5) Khala Rangmaal said that women and men were equal in every way and there was no reason women should cover if men didn't. (120)
There are a small portion of the society that cares and fight for females rights. Khala Rangmaal a female teacher teaching in school thinks that everyone should be treated equally.
6) I know you are still young, but I want you yo understand and learn this now, he said. Marriage can wait, education cannot. (123)
Laila's dad is a University graduate who thinks that female should also be educated. He thinks that it is important for his child to get educated and not marriage.
7) Women have always had it hard in this country, Laila, but they're probably more free now, under the communists, and have more rights than they've ever had before,Babi said, always lowering his voice, aware of how intolerant Mammy was of even remotely positive talk of the communists.But it's true, Babi said,it's a good time to be a woman in Afghanistan. And you can take advantage of that, Laila Of course, women's freedom - here, he shook his head ruefully-is also one of the reasons people out there took up
arms in the first place. (144)
Under the communist governance, women had more freedom as compared to the Taliban. Laila's dad told her to appreciate the time and have full advantage of the freedom to do what she want in life.
8) But Laila knew that her future was no match for her brothers' past. They had overshadowed her in life. They would obliterate her in death. Mammy was now the curator of their lives' museum and she, Laila, a mere visitor. A receptacle for their myths. The parchment on which Mammy meant to ink their legends. (151)
This shows that even women themselves think that male are more dominant than females. Laila's mom cares more about her dead brothers than her. After their death in the war, Laila's mom barely care or even talk to Laila. Laila was being ignored.
9) Mammy was soon asleep, leaving Laila with dueling emotions: reassured that Mammy meant to live on, stung that she was not the reason.She would never leave her mark on Mammy's heart the way her brothers had, because Mammy's heart was like a pallid beach where Laila's footprints would forever wash away beneath the waves of sorrow that swelled and crashed, swelled and crashed. (153)
Laila is hurt deep down that she would not leave footprints in her mom's heart. She is not looked upon, her mom cares more about her brothers which were now dead than her although she is her only daughter. This shows how gender inequality has played a role in influencing people's mindset.
10) We're leaving this spring, Aziza and I. Come with us, Mariam. (272)
Laila have the courage to leave home due to the unfair treatment of her husband Rasheed. Mariam agreed with her and left the house with Aziza. This has showed that women have the courage to do anything to live a better life due to the sufferings gender inequality has caused them.
11) "What a man does in his home is his business." (276)
Under the Taliban's law, women are not allowed to leave the house or travel alone without a male family member as a partner. This restricted women to only stay at home without their husbands or male family members accompanying. The restrain placed on women is very unfair. And, according to the statement above by an officer, it has showed that man are of power at home and the police officers do not care.
12) Laila didn't see the punch coming. One moment she was talking and the next she was on all fours, wide-eyed and red-faced, trying to draw a breath. (286)
Laila and Mariam was being brutally beaten and locked up in a separate dark room when they failed to runaway and was sent back by the Taliban's officers. This has shown man's violence over women where it is right according to the law. The law does not protects women and children being abused by man at home.
13) Attention women:
You will stay inside your homes at all times. It is not proper for women to wander aimlessly about the streets. If you go outside, you must be accompanied by amahram,a male relative. If you are caught alone on the street, you will be beaten and sent home.
You will not, under any circumstance, show your face. You will cover with burqa when outside. If you do not, you will be severely beaten.
Cosmetics are forbidden.
Jewelry is forbidden.
You will not wear charming clothes.
You will not speak unless spoken to.
You will not make eye contact with men.
You will not laugh in public. If you do, you will be beaten.
You will not paint your nails. If you do, you will lose a finger.
Girls are forbidden from attending school All schools for girls will be closed immediately.
Women are forbidden from working.
If you are found guilty of adultery, you will be stoned to death
Listen. Listen well. Obey.Allah-u-akbar. (297)
After the Taliban won the war, rules and regulations which are unfair to females are placed. Girls are forbidden their rights to education. Human rights are violated here. I felt sad for the women living under such rules.
14) "This hospital no longer treats women," the guard barked. (305)
This shows the unfair treatment towards women in the society. Women are only allowed to go to a small clinic who serves women.
15) Mariam would always admire Laila for how much time passed before she screamed (312)
Laila gave birth to her son Zalmai in an unfavorable environment. Although being mistreated by the society and her husband, Laila still gave in everything to make sure that she give birth to her child. This has shown the inner strength of women.
16) His patience with Zalmai was a well that ran deep and never dried. (316)
Rasheed's had much patience with his son as he believe in patriarchy. He did not pay attention to Aziza and did not has as much patience as he had for Zalmai towards his wives and Aziza.
17) Suddenly, it seemed to Laila that the collective hardships of their lives-hers, Aziza's, Mariam's-simply dropped away, vaporized like Zalmai's palms from the TV screen. It seemed worthwhile, if absurdly so, to have endured all they'd endured for this one crowning moment, for this act of defiance that would end the suffering of all indignities. (320)
Women hardships is discussed here. Laila was being brutally beaten by Rasheed and he almost killed her by choking her as Laila was brave to hit Rasheed in return. This has shown that women are bolder due to the gender inequalities.
18) One day, a young Talib beat Laila with a radio antenna. When he was done, he gave a final whack to the back of her neck and said, "I see you again, I'll beat you until your mother's milk leaks out of your bones." (343)
Laila want to visit Aziza who was sent to an orphanage as Rasheed cannot afford to pay for everyone's expenses. On the way to the orphanage, she was caught by a Talib who had brutally beaten her as she did not follow the rule that a man must be in company with her when a woman walk on the road.
19) And, with that, Mariam brought down the shovel This time, she gave it everything she had. (374)
Mariam brought in all her strength and courage to kill Rasheed as he was too cruel. He was beating them up that Mariam could not take it as he was strangling Laila. She managed to kill Rasheed with the shovel to end the cruelty. This has shown that as a result of intense patriarchy, women became bolder.
20) None of the women in Mariam's cell were serving time for violent crime - they were all there for the common offense of "running away from home." As a result, Mariam gained some notoriety among them, became a kind of celebrity.(388)
Mariam was being held in prison due to the crime she had done. Other women was awestruck by Mariam as they were all oppressed by the laws and the patriarchy system back in their home and society but they weren't brave enough to fight back as they are not educated and they are scared.
21) "I wonder," the young Talib said. "God has made us differently, you women and us men. Our brains are different. You are not able to think like we can. Western doctors and their science have proven this. This is why we require only one male witness but two female ones." (390)
Discrimination towards women is seen here. Men thinks that women are stupid and weak and do not believe in them. This shows the inequality that exists within the law and society itself.
22) "Kneel here,hamshira And look down." One last time, Mariam did as she was told. (397)
Mariam was being sentence to death. This has portray sacrifices that are to be done by women to protect their loved ones.
23) One could not count the moons that shimmer on her roofs,
Or the thousand splendid suns that hide behind her -walls. (418)
This is two lines of a poem by Saib-e-Tabrizi which is a reference to timeliness and mysteries, the author named the book a thousand splendid suns. I feel it is related to all the sufferings women have to go through. As 'her' is used instead of him. Babi, Laila's dad thinks that women have to experience through countless hardships before they are being treated equally.
24) "I'm sorry," Laila says, marveling at how every Afghan story is marked by death and loss and unimaginable grief. And yet, she sees, people find a way to survive, to go on. Laila thinks of her own life and all that has happened to her, and she is astonished that she too has survived, that she is alive and sitting in this taxi listening to this man's story. (422)
Laila has survived through the hard times through the civil war. A lot of people have been innocently killed due to this and she thinks that she is lucky to be the survivor of this bloody war.
Personal analysis
Hosseini vividly describe what life is like for women in a society in which they are valued only for reproduction. Once she has suffered a series of miscarriages, Mariam's marriage becomes a prison: Mariam was afraid. She lived in fear of Rasheed's ever shifting moods, his impatience and violence. On occasion, he would resolve with punches, slaps, kicks, and sometimes try to make amends for with polluted apologies and sometimes not.
Next, after the Taliban won the war, tragedies that fall on Laila's family was seen, she is orphaned and left alone, she allows herself to become Rasheed's second wife. Laila's and Mariam's friendship eventually grows and they became like sisters through the hardships they faced together. Together going through the civil wars, they brought up Aziza and Zalmai, both Laila's children. Being unfairly treated by the society and family, Hosseini has brought up gender inequalities through the eyes of women in Afghanistan before, during and after the civil war.
Patriarchy has been in the system of the society years back, it is deemed that male have dominance over female and that female is weaker than male. The first critic of the patriarchy system started way back in late 18th century. Feminism is is both the belief that women should be treated equally to men as well as a political movement that works to gain rights and privileges for women. Feminism attempts to explain and eradicate the domination, oppression, and subordination of women in the society.
Although patriarchy system in the modernize era is less prominent, but there are still places in the world that patriarchy exists. Afghanistan for example is a country where there is a high degree of gender inequality as there are a high percentage of 80% of girls does not have the access to education. Due to the traditional stereotype that women are weak, gender discrimination happens throughout the novel.
Women rights are violated in the novel. I personally think that human rights are violated too as people are not allowed freedom. Everyone is tied to the unimaginable and inhumane rules under the governance of Taliban. Freedom of speech, movement and many more are restricted, women's freedom especially is very restricted. Women also does not have rights
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